Citing Internet resources
How students should reference online sources in their bibliographies

Research. It's one of the major students use the Internet. Elementary and secondary students now rely on the Internet as a major fact-gathering tool.
        Just as students cite the books and periodicals they use to support their research, so must they also cite their online sources in their bibliographies.
        In fact, educators and students should understand that it's perhaps more important to cite Internet sources, since the nature of the technology makes it easy to copy, cut, and paste between documents. Listing sites in a bibliography also makes students aware that their teachers can follow up on their work to check its veracity.
        Formal guidelines for citing online sources are beginning to evolve. The latest MLA Handbook contains citation information for electronic sources.
        In January, a group of educators formed an ad-hoc committee on an Internet discussion group to taW about electronic citations. The result of their discussions and debate follows. Keep in mind that these rules are still evolving, and that there are sure to be changes in the future.
        What follows are examples of how to cite seven different types of online informafion sources. For each type, we'll show you how to structure the citation, followed by two examples.

Email

Author of email message. Subject line of the message. [Online] Available email:
student~addrnss.edu from author@address.edu, date of message.

Examples

  • Robert, Eric. Nile Research Protect results. [Online] Available email: studenti @smallvillehigh.edu from ertlvintormns.kl 2.mn.us, February 3,1996.
  • Taylor, Barry. Hubble Space Telescope image enhancement techniques. [Online] Available email:
    student2lvexeter.high.edu from btaylor~hst.nasa.gov, January 23, 1995.

Gopher

Author. Title of gopher item. [Online] Available gopher: address, path, date of document or download.

Examples

  • U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Statistics for 4th Quarter 1995. [Online] Available gopher:
    agri.usda.gov, Department ot Agriculture/Latest Statistics for 1995/4th Quarter Folder, January 28,1996.
  • Chalmers, Andrea. Bosnia: A Country in Transition. [Online] Available gopher: nywer.net, Today's News/World News/Bosnia-Herzegovina, February 5, 1996.

FTP

Author. Title of item. [Online] Available ftp:
address, pathifilename, date of document or download.

Examples

  • Hess, Hanna. Networking in the Information Age. [Online] Available rtp: 194.335.23.10, pub/research/i nternet/networkJxt, February 5,1996.
  • Gates, Gary. Shakespeare and his Muse. [Online] Available ttp: ftp.guten.net,gprotect/tevts/english/oard/r esearch/muse.txt, March 1,1996.

Telnet

Author. Title of item. [Online] Available telnet:
address, path, date of document or download.

Examples

  • Brady, Larry E. Map of Iraqi Troop Movements tor 1/9/96. [Online] Available telnet: fedworld.gov, Government Information/C IA/Maps/Latest Maps/Iraq, January 10,1996.
  • Jackson, Fred. Statistical Weather Data for Wisconsin, January1996. [Online] Available telnet:
    weather.machine.umich.edu, Weather Data/January 1 996/StatesIZooms/Oata/Wisconsin, February 25,1996.

World Wide Web

Author. Title of item. [Online] Available http;lladdress'fllename, date of document or download.

Examples

  • DiStetano, Vince. Guidelines for better writing. lonline] Available http://www.usa.ne/~vinced/hone/ better-writing.html, January 9,1996.
  • Yule, James. The Cold War Revisited: A Splintered Germany. [Online] Available http://usa.coldwar.server.gov/indev/cold.war/ countries/tormer.soviet.block/Germany/ germany.html, March 5,1996.


Usenet Newsgroups
Author. Title of item. [Online] Available usenet:
group, date of post.

Examples

  • Brown, David. Educational Insights 1995. [Online] Available usenet: k12.ed.research, December 27,1995.
  • Madige, Ellen. How to Build a Better Moustrap. [Online] Available usenet: sciJech.inventions.mousetrap, January 16,1996.

Online Chat (IRC)

Name of online speaker. [Onlinel Available Inc:
telnet <site address>, inc channel name, date of session.

Examples

  • McBane, Lisa. [Online] Available IRC: telnet world.sensenedia.net:6677, #egypt, March 8,1996.
  • Frappe, Francois, [Online] Available IRC: telnet trance.irc.edu:1234, #france, January 23,1996.

Web Sites about Citations

Several Web Sites offer more information about citing electronic sources

SOURCE: "Citing Internet Resources". Classroom Connect, March 1996: pg 9.