Research. It's one of the major students use the Internet. Elementary and secondary students now rely on the Internet as a major fact-gathering tool.
Just as students cite the books and periodicals they use to support their research, so must they also cite their online sources in their bibliographies.
In fact, educators and students should understand that it's perhaps more important to cite Internet sources, since the nature of the technology makes it easy to copy, cut, and paste between documents. Listing sites in a bibliography also makes students aware that their teachers can follow up on their work to check its veracity.
Formal guidelines for citing online sources are beginning to evolve. The latest MLA Handbook contains citation information for electronic sources.
In January, a group of educators formed an ad-hoc committee on an Internet discussion group to taW about electronic citations. The result of their discussions and debate follows. Keep in mind that these rules are still evolving, and that there are sure to be changes in the future.
What follows are examples of how to cite seven different types of online informafion sources. For each type, we'll show you how to structure the citation, followed by two examples.
Email
Author of email message. Subject line of the message. [Online] Available email:
Examples
Author. Title of gopher item. [Online] Available gopher: address, path, date of document or download.
Examples
Author. Title of item. [Online] Available ftp:
Examples
Author. Title of item. [Online] Available telnet:
Examples
Author. Title of item. [Online] Available http;lladdress'fllename, date of document or download.
Examples
Examples
Name of online speaker. [Onlinel Available Inc:
Examples
SOURCE: "Citing Internet Resources". Classroom Connect, March 1996: pg 9.
student~addrnss.edu from author@address.edu, date of message.
student2lvexeter.high.edu from btaylor~hst.nasa.gov, January 23, 1995.
Gopher
agri.usda.gov, Department ot Agriculture/Latest Statistics for 1995/4th Quarter Folder, January 28,1996.
FTP
address, pathifilename, date of document or download.
Telnet
address, path, date of document or download.
weather.machine.umich.edu, Weather Data/January 1 996/StatesIZooms/Oata/Wisconsin, February 25,1996.
World Wide Web
Usenet Newsgroups
Author. Title of item. [Online] Available usenet:
group, date of post.
Online Chat (IRC)
telnet <site address>, inc channel name, date of session.
Web Sites about Citations
Several Web Sites offer more information about citing electronic sources